子张篇第十九
原文:子张曰:“士见危致命,见得思义,祭思敬,丧思哀,其可已矣。”
白话:子张说:“有志者应该见到危险时,奋不顾身;见到利益时,考虑道义;祭祀虔诚,居丧悲哀。这样就可以了。”
翻译:ZiZhangsaid,“Agentlemanshouldberegardlessofhisownsafetyinfaceofperil,shouldthinkofmoralprincipleinfaceofbenefit,shouldbepiouswhen
holdingamemorialceremony,andshouldbesorrowfulwhengoingintomourning.That’senoughforagentleman.”
白话:子张说:“子张说:“遵守道德不坚定,信仰道义不真诚,这样的人有他该怎么样?没他又该怎么样?”
翻译:ZiZhangsaid,“Somepeopleneitherobservestandardsofmoralityfirmlynorbelieveinjusticesincerely.What’sthedifferencebetweenhavingthemandnothavingthem?”
原文:子夏之门人问交于子张。子张曰:“子夏云何?”对曰:“子夏曰:‘可者与之,其不可者拒之。’”子张曰:“异乎吾所闻:君子尊贤而容众,嘉善而矜不能。我之大贤与,于人何所不容?我之不贤与,人将拒我,如之何其拒人也?”
白话:子夏的学生向子张请教如何交朋友。子张说:“子夏是怎么说的?”答道:“子夏说:‘可交的就交,不可交的就拒绝。’”子张说:“这和我听到的可不一样:君子既尊重贤人,又能容纳普通民众;能器重能人,又能同情笨人。我如果是好人,那我还有谁不能容纳呢?我如果不是好人,别人就会拒绝我,这怎么能谈得上由我去拒绝别人呢?”
翻译:ZiXia’sstudentaskedZiZhanghowtomakefriendswithothers.ZiZhangasked,“WhatdidZiXiasay?”Thestudentreplied,“ZiZhangsaid,‘Makefriendswithanyonewhocanbefriendsandrefuseanyonewhocanbe
friends.’”ZiZhangsaid,“ThisisquitedifferentwithwhatIheard:gentlemennotonlyrespectworthypeoplebutalsotoleratecommonpeople;notonlyhighlyregardpeopleoflargecaliberbutalsosympathizepeopleofsmall
caliber.IfI’magoodman,thereisnooneIcannottolerate.Otherwise,otherswillrefuseme.Andifso,howcoulditbesaidthatIrefuseothers?”
原文:子夏曰;“虽小道,必有可观者焉,致远恐泥,是以君子不为也。”
白话:子夏说:“虽然都是微不足道的技艺,也一定有可称道之处,但用它去实现远大目标就不行了。”
翻译:ZiXiasaid,“Theseareonlyinsignificantskills,buttheymusthavesomethingcommendable;nevertheless,youcannotusethemtorealizeyourhighideals.”
原文:子夏曰:“日知其所亡,月无忘其所能,可谓好学也已矣。”
白话:子夏说:“每天学到一些不懂的东西,学到之后坚持一个月不忘,这就可以叫做好学了。”
翻译:ZiXiasaid,“Eachdayyoulearnsomethingyoudon’tunderstandandkeepthemnottobeforgottenforamonth.Andthiscanberegardedbeingeagertolearn.”
原文:子夏曰;“博学而笃志,切问而近思,仁在其中矣。”
白话:子夏说:“博学强记,就与切身有关的问题提出质疑,并且加以思考,仁就在其中了。”
翻译:ZiXiasaid,“Havewidelearningandastrongmemory,raiseandponderquestionsaboutsomethingcloselyrelatedtoyourownconditions.Ithinkhumanityjustexistsinthislearningprocess.”
原文:子夏曰:“百工居肆以成其事,君子学以致其道。”
白话:子夏说:“各行各业的工匠住在作坊里做各自的事,而君子则是通过学习来实现自己的理想。”
翻译:ZiXiasaid,“Craftsmenliveinworkshopsanddotheirownthings,whilegentlemenrealizetheirhighidealsthroughlearning.”
原文:子夏说:“小人之过也必文。”
白话:子夏说:“小人犯了过错一定要掩饰。”
翻译:ZiXiasaid,“Vulgariansmustglossovertheirmistakeswhenevertheymake.”
原文:子夏曰:“君子有三变:望之俨然,即之也温,听其言也厉。”
白话:子夏说:“君子有三变:远看他很严肃,接近他很温和,听他说很严厉。”
翻译:ZiXiasaid,“Agentlemanhavethreechangeablecharacters:whenyoulookathimfromafar,heappearssevere;whenyougetclosetohim,you’llknow
thatheisgentle-natured;whenyoulistentohim,you’llhearthathespeakssternly.”
原文:子夏曰:“君子信而后劳其民;未信,则以为厉己也,信而后谏;未信,则以为谤己也。”
白话:子夏说:“君子取信于人才能指使人,否则人家就会以为你虐待他们。取信于人,才能去规劝人;不取信于人,人家会以为你在诽谤他们。”
翻译:ZtuXiasaid,“Agentlemanmustgettrustfromothersfirstandthenmakesthemdosomething,orthey’llthinkyouill-treatthem.Hemustgettrustfromothersfirstandthenadmonishesthem,orthey’llthinkyouslanderthem.”
原文:子夏曰:“大德不逾闲,小德出入可也。”
白话:子夏说:“大节不能越轨,小节有些出入可以。”
翻译:ZiXiasaid,“Intherespectofmoralintegrity,agentlemanmustnottransgress,butintherespectoftrivialmatter,thereisnoneedforagentlemantobotheraboutittoomuch.”
原文:子游曰:“子夏之门人小子,当洒扫应对进退,则可矣,抑末也。本之则无,如之何?”子夏闻之,曰:“噫,言游过矣!君子之道,孰先传焉?孰后倦焉?譬诸草木,区以别矣。君子之道,焉可诬也?有始有卒者,其惟圣人乎?”
白话:子游说:“子夏的学生,洒水扫地和接待客人应当说还是可以的,但这些都是小事。没学到根本性的东西,这怎么行呢?”子夏听到后说:“嘿,子游可错了!君子所掌握的知识,先教什么?后教什么?这好比草和树,都是有区别的,怎能随意歪曲?能有始有终地教育学生,恐怕只有圣人能做到吧?”
翻译:ZiYousaid,“AsforZiXia’sstudents,it’scertainlyfeasibletoletthemdo
somethinglikesprinklingwaterandsweepingthefloor,andreceivingguests.Butalltheseareonlytrivialities.Theyhaven’tlearnedanythingfundamental.Howcanitbeworkable?”Afterlearningthis,ZiXiasaid,“Oh,ZiYouiswrong!
Astoagentleman’sknowledge,whatshouldbetaughtfirstandwhatshouldbetaughtnext?Thereisadifferencebetweenthesetwopointswhicharejustlikegrassandtrees.”
原文:子夏曰:“仕而优则学,学而优则仕。”
白话:子夏说:“做官还有余力的人,就可以去学习,学习有余力的人,就可以去做官。”
翻译:ZiXiasaid,“Ifaperson,exceptforbeinganofficial,stillhassuperfluousenergy,hecanstudyandifaperson,exceptforstudy,stillhassuperfluousenergy,hecanbeanofficial.”
原文:子游曰:“丧致乎哀而止。”
白话:子游说:“办丧事只要充分表达悲哀之情就可以了。”
翻译:ZiYousaid,“Whenhandlingfuneralaffairs,solongasyoufullyexpressyoursorrow,that’senough.”
原文:子游曰:“吾友张也为难能也,然而未仁。”
白话:子游说:“我的朋友子张可以说是很难得的人,可就连他也还没有做到仁。”
翻译:ZiYousaid,“MyfriendZiZhangcanbereckonedaoutstandingperson.Butevenhehimselfhasn’tbecomeapersonofhumanity.”
原文:曾子曰:“堂堂乎张也,难与并为仁矣。”
白话:曾子说:“子张虽然仪表堂堂,但却难于和他一起做到仁的。”
翻译:ZengZisaid,“ZueZhangbearsagrandeurappearance.Butit’sdifficultforanyonetobemanwithhumanitytogetherwithhim.”
原文:曾子曰:“吾闻诸夫子,人未有自致者也,必也亲丧乎。”
白话:曾子说:“我听老师们说,人不会自然而然地流露情感,如果有,那也必定是在失去亲人时候才会。”
翻译:ZengZisaid,“Iheardmyteacherssaidthatpeoplecouldnotshowtheirfeelingsnaturallyexceptforthattheylosttheirownbeloved.”
原文:曾子曰:“吾闻诸夫子,孟庄子之孝也,其他可能也;其不改父之臣与父之政,是难能也。”
白话:曾子说:“我听老师说过,孟庄子的孝,别人也可以做到,但他不更换父亲旧臣及其政策这一点,却难以做到。”
翻译:ZengZisaid,“IheardmyteachersaidthatotherscouldshowfilialdevotiontotheirparentsasMengZhuangzuedid,buttherewasonethingotherscouldhardlydo,namely,tokeeptheirfathers’oldsubjectsandpoliciesunchanged.”
原文:孟氏使阳肤为士师,问于曾子。曾子曰:“上失其道,民散久矣。如得其情,则哀矜而勿喜。”
白话:孟氏任命阳肤做法官,阳肤向曾子请教。曾子说:“当官的不做好事,百姓早已民心涣散。如果能了解到民情,就应当怜悯他们,而不要沾沾自喜。”
翻译:AppointedasjudgebyMeng,YangFusoughtadvicefromZengZi.ZengZisaid,“Therulersdidn’tbehavethemselveswellsothemasseshavelostmoraleforalongtime.Learningtrueconditionsofthemasses,therulersshouldtakepityonthembutnotfeelsmug.”
原文:子贡曰:“纣之不善,不如是之甚也。是以君子恶居下流,天下之恶皆归焉。”
白话:子贡说:“纣王的劣迹,不像传说的那样严重。所以君子就怕自己有污点,因为如此,所有的坏事就都会记到他的账上。”
翻译:ZiGongsaid,“ThelordZhou’sevildoingswerenotsoseriousaswhatpeoplesaid.Thereore,gentlemenareafraidtheywouldhaveblemishintheirpast,becauseifso,allblamewouldbeputonthem.”
原文:子贡曰:“君子之过也,如日月之食焉。过也,人皆见之;更也,人皆仰之。”
白话:子贡说:“君子的过失,像日蚀月蚀。他有过失,人们都看得见;他改正过失,人们都敬仰他。”
翻译:ZiGongsaid,“Gentlemen’sfaultsarelikesolareclipseandlunareclipse.Iftheycommitfaults,peoplecanseethem;iftheycorrectthefaults,peoplewouldlookuptothem.”
原文:卫公孙朝问于子贡曰:“仲尼焉学?”子贡曰:“文武之道,未坠于地,在人。贤者识其大者,不贤者识其小者,莫不有文武之道焉。夫子焉不学?而亦何常师之有?”
白话:卫国的公孙朝问子贡说:“孔子的学问是从哪里学来的?”子贡说:“文王武王之道,并没失传,还在人间。贤人能了解其中的大道理,不贤的人只能了解其中的小道理。文武之道无处不在。吾师处处都学,哪有固定的老师?”
翻译:GongSunchaoofthecountryWeiaskedZiGong,“WheredoesConfucius’knowledgecomefrom?”ZiGongsaid,“ThedoctrinesofWenWangandWu
Wangarenotfailedtobehandeddown.Theystillexistintheworld.Thequestionisthatworthypeoplecanseemajorprinciplesbutunworthypeople
canonlyseeminorones.ThedoctrinesofWenWangandWuWangexisteverywhere.AndConfuciuslearnswhereverhegoes.Howcanhehaveregularteachers?”
原文:叔孙武叔语大夫于朝曰:“子贡贤于仲尼。”子服景伯以告子贡。子贡曰;“譬之宫墙,赐之墙也及肩,窥见室家之好。夫子之墙数仞,不得其门而入,不见宗庙之类,百官之富。得其门者或寡矣。夫子之云,不亦宜乎!”
白话:叔孙武叔在朝廷上对大夫们说:“子贡比仲尼更贤。”子服景伯把这话告诉子贡,子贡说:“拿围墙做比喻吧,我的墙齐肩高,站在墙外,就能看到我家里的情况不错;而孔子的墙几丈高,如果找不到门进去,你就看不见里面宗庙的富丽堂皇,和房屋的绚丽多彩。从进门的人太少了,叔孙先生这么说,也是可以理解的!”
翻译:ShuSunandWuSunsaidtoministersintheimperialcourt,“ZiGongismoreworthythanConfucius.”ZifuJingbotoldZiGongwhattheysaid.ZiGongsaid,“Ifwetakeawallasanexamplebyanalogy.Mywallisonlyshoulder
high.Standingoutside,youcanseetheconditionofmyfamilyisnotsobad.ButConfucius’swallisdecadesoffeethigh.Failtofindagatetoenter,youcanseeneitherthesplendidtemplenorthebeautifulhouse.Sincethereare
onlyafewpeoplewhocanfindagatetoenter,it’sunderstandableforMr.ShuSuntosaythissortofthings.”
原文:叔孙武叔毁仲尼。子贡曰;“无以为也!仲尼不可毁也。他人之贤者,丘陵也,犹可逾也;仲尼,日月也,无得而逾焉。人虽欲自绝,其何伤于日月乎?多见其不知量也。”
白话:叔孙武叔诽谤孔子。子贡说:“不要这样吧,孔子是诽谤不了的,别人的贤良,像丘陵一样,可以超越;孔子却像日月,无法超过。虽然有人要自绝于日月,但这对日月又有什么损伤呢?这只能表明他们不知天地高地厚而已。”
翻译:ShuSunandWuShudefameConfucius.ZiGongsaid,“Betternottodothis.It’simpossibletogetConfuciusdefamed.Theworthinessofothersisjustlikeahillwhichissurmountable,yetthatofConfuciusisthesunorthemoon
whichisn’tsurmountable.Somepeoplewanttoestrangethemselvesfromthesunandthemoon,butwhatharmtheycandotothesunandthemoon?Itonlyindicatesthattheyoverestimatetheirownability.”
原文:陈子禽谓子贡曰:“子为恭也,仲尼岂贤于子乎?”子贡曰:“君子一言以为知,一言以为不知,言不可不慎也。夫子之不可及也,犹天之不可阶而升也。夫子之得邦家者,所谓立之斯立,道之斯行,馁之斯来,动之斯和。其生也荣,其死也哀,如之何其可及也?”
白话:陈子禽对子贡说:“你是谦虚吧,孔子哪里比你强?”子贡说:“君子说一句话就可以表现出是否明智,所以说话不可以不谨慎。孔子的高不可及,如同天不能搭阶梯爬上去一样。他如果有机会治理国家,就能做到传说的那样,教百姓立于礼,百姓就会立于礼,要引导百姓,百姓就会跟着走;安抚百姓,百姓就会归顺;动员百姓,百姓就会齐心合力。他生得光荣,死得可哀,怎么谈得上赶上他呢?”
翻译:ChenZiqinsaidtoZiGong,“Youmustbemodest.HowcanConfuciusbemoreworthythanyou?”ZiGongsaid,“Gentlemenmustbecautiouswhenspeaking.Onlyonewordcanmakeitclearwhetheryouarewiseornot.
Confuciusisliketheskywhichissohighthatnoladderscanbeusedtoclimbtoit.IfConfuciusisgivenachancetogovernacountry,hewoulddoaswhatpeoplesay,namely,hewouldeducatepeoplewithproprietiesandpeoplewould
doeverythingaccordingtoproprieties;hewouldleadthepeople,andpeoplewouldbewillingtofollowhim;hewouldpacifypeople,andpeoplewouldbewillingtocomeoverandgiveallegiancetohim;hewouldmobilizethepeople,
andtheywouldbewillingtoworkasone.Heishonorabletoliveandpathetictodie.Howcanwesaythatwecancatchupwithhim?”